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FAA Medical Certificates — What Every Pilot Should Know (UPDATED)

By William “Bill” Ramey Jr. || 6 Comments (Edit)

(Graphic: FLYING magazine)

For most pilots, the FAA Airmen's Medical Certificate is a fundamental requirement for flight. This certification guarantees that the pilot meets the medical standards necessary for safe operation of an aircraft. But there are exceptions, and understanding them is crucial, particularly for pilots facing challenges with their medical certification.

Medical Qualifications: Contention and Controversy

Discussions about medical qualifications often lead to disagreements and controversy. Even though I am not a member of the FAA FAASTeam, I regularly attend WINGS seminars. These discussions consistently arise at the end of many presentations, regardless of whether the presentation is related to medical issues. The typical statement is usually something this: "A Sport Pilot does NOT need an FAA Medical NOR BasicMed." They are usually referring to the to the use of a U.S. Issued Driver's License to exercise Sport Pilot privileges. While this is true at a surface level, the answer is more nuanced and not for the reasons many pilots mistakenly believe. On the general topic of Medicals and Medical Qualifications, the FAA is very clear and states the following: FAA AIM 8-1-1-1.a.1:  “All pilots except those flying gliders and free air balloons must possess valid medical certificates in order to exercise the privileges of their airman certificates.” FAA AIP ENR 1.15.1.1.1:  “All pilots except those flying gliders and free air balloons must possess valid medical certificates in order to exercise the privileges of their airman certificates.”

Sport Pilots and Medical Disqualifications

Many people mistakenly believe that Sport Pilots are not required to have sufficient proof of medical fitness. However, this is not true, except for gliders and free air balloons, which are the only exceptions to this rule. There is no mention of Sport Pilots or Light Sport Aircraft exceptions in the regulations. However, there is a difference for those exercising Sport Pilot privileges in terms of what constitutes a "sufficient proof of medical fitness" under the regulations, due to a special exception by the FAA for Sport Pilots. A person exercising Sport Pilot privileges can satisfy the "sufficient proof of medical fitness" requirement for Sport Pilot privileges in one of three ways, ranging from most senior to most junior. For illustrative purposes only, let's categorize these as Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. A failure or revocation at a higher (senior) level prohibits the use of an item from a lower (junior) level.
  • Standard FAA Airman Medical (Level 1): 1st, 2nd or 3rd Class Medical Certificate issued by an AME or other FAA authorized authority.
    • If a pilot's most recent FAA Medical Certificate was denied, suspended or revoked or if any Special Issuance was withdrawn, the pilot is NOT eligible to operate any type of aircraft until the issue(s) have been resolved and a current and valid Airman Medical Certificate is issued.
  • BasicMed (Level 2):  Certification by a U.S. State Licensed Physician using the official FAA BasicMed Exam form, plus an online self-certification course.
    • If a pilot's most recent FAA Medical Certificate was denied, suspended or revoked, or if any Special Issuance was withdrawn, the pilot is NOT eligible to operate any type of aircraft until the issue(s) have been resolved and a current and valid Airman Medical Certificate is issued.
  • U.S. Issued Driver’s License (Level 3):  For the purposes of Sport Pilot privileges only, a valid U.S. Issued Driver’s License may be used to fulfill the “sufficient proof of medical fitness” requirements.
    • If an adverse action has occurred with either a Standard FAA Medical or BasicMed issuance listed above, those conditions must be cleared, and recertification must occur, before using a U.S. Issued Driver’s License to satisfy the “sufficient proof of medical fitness” requirement.
    • Sport Pilots must comply with all restrictions and limitations on their U.S. Issued Driver’s License, as well as any judicial or administrative orders pertaining to the operation of a motor vehicle.
    • The pilot must "self-certify" that they have no medical conditions nor ingesting any medications that prevent the safe operation of an aircraft.

The FAA allows U.S. Issued Driver's Licenses to be used for Sport Pilot privileges without the pilot holding an FAA Medical or BasicMed for a specific reason. This is because each U.S. state, territory, or district's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) mandates a basic level of medical fitness for operating a motor vehicle. In this case, the DMV essentially serves as the medical certifying authority in place of an Aviation Medical Examiner (AME) or a U.S. licensed physician. Therefore, even though the pilot does not have an FAA Medical or BasicMed, they are still being medically qualified by a certifying authority (DMV).

If a pilot's physicians have informed the pilot that they are medically unfit to operate an aircraft due to medical conditions and/or medications, or if the pilot becomes aware of any medical conditions and/or medications that make them medically unfit to operate an aircraft, the pilot is no longer able to "self-certify" and may not continue to operate an aircraft. This applies to any type of medical certificate or driver’s license.

Denials May Not Be Permanent

There is still a chance that you may be eligible for an FAA Airman Medical under Special Issuance. Just because your application was initially denied, it doesn't mean that you've reached the end. You may still qualify for a Special Issuance Medical Certificate. This is a quote from the FAA: “The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (ultimately) denies only 0.1% of medical certificate applications. The FAA processes over 400,000 applications each year.” The FAA will require a substantial amount of testing and documentation, but as long as you provide what they ask for, in many cases your chances of a Special Issuance are 99.9%! The FAA has a “one percent rule” for Airman Physicals that goes something like this: The “1 percent rule” would result in a pilot being denied a medical certificate if their risk of a (acute/sudden) medical incapacitation (e.g. heart attack, convulsion, stroke, faint etc) is determined as being greater than 1% during the year (annual period). If you and your Aviation Medical Examiner can prove that you fit inside this box, you stand a reasonable chance of being one of the approved 99.9%!

Aviation Medical Examiner as a Consultant

It’s not widely known, but many Aviation Medical Examiners (AMEs) will provide consultation services before conducting your official medical examination. In this capacity, they are working for you and not the FAA. If your AME doesn’t offer this service, they can likely refer you to another AME who does. They can advise you on your medical status before you submit your FAA MedXpress application and physical and help you with any necessary pre-exam testing and documentation required for a Special Issuance application. Have your Aviation Medical Examiner arrange the necessary pre-exam testing and secondary exams with your Primary Care physician to obtain a "medical clearance". Inform your Primary Care physician that you need a "medical clearance" and they can coordinate the process. You will require at least an EKG, which can be costly if done at the AME's office. However, many of your medical pre-exam testing and secondary exams may be covered by insurance or Medicare if ordered by your Primary Care physician for a "medical clearance". I have gone through this process and found it to be more cost-effective.

Glider Operations: A Potential Pathway

If all else fails, there's a ray of hope to fly once more for pilots facing medical disqualifications. Under certain circumstances, it's possible to continue flying as a Sport Pilot or Private Pilot, even if your FAA Airman Medical has been denied, suspended, revoked or a Special Issuance has been withdrawn. The key lies in adding the Glider Category rating to your existing Sport Pilot or Private Pilot certificate. Adding this category to an existing certificate can be accomplished in as little as three flight hours. Of course, you have to fly an aircraft in the Glider Category. If you prefer powered flight, you can train in and fly a Motor Glider (self-launch), like the Pipistrel Sinus. This particular model is equipped with a Rotax engine and a front propeller, essentially making it an airplane with 50-foot wings. The Glider Category add-on will involve additional training and possibly both practical and written testing. If you meet the necessary requirements and demonstrate your fitness to fly gliders, you may regain the joy of flight. Of course, you’ll always want to consult with an Aviation Medical Examiner to ensure that you are flying safe and legal.

Medications and Flight: A Critical Consideration

Regardless of your medical certification status, pilots must be vigilant about the medications they take. The FAA prohibits operating an aircraft while taking certain medications, and there are no exceptions, even for Sport Pilots or Glider Pilots. While the FAA doesn't maintain an official list of prohibited medications, the Aviation Medicine Advisory Service provides a helpful resource. It's always best to err on the side of caution and consult a certified Aviation Medical Examiner before taking any new medications, especially if you plan to fly. Your AME can offer personalized guidance and help you understand any potential impact on your flight eligibility.

Conclusion

Flying without an FAA medical is a complex subject with few straightforward answers. If you face challenges with your medical certification, it's crucial to understand your options and make informed decisions. Remember, safety is paramount, and seeking advice from an Aviation Medical Examiner is always the best course of action. Additional Resources: Fitness For Flight (FAA AIM) Medical Facts for Pilots (FAA AIP) (14 CFR Part 61) Subpart J - Sport Pilots (FAA) Facts About BasicMed (FAA) Aviation Medicine Advisory Service (database)

For most pilots, the FAA Airmen’s Medical Certificate is a fundamental requirement for flight. This certification guarantees that the pilot meets the medical standards necessary for safe operation of an aircraft. But there are exceptions, and understanding them is crucial, particularly for pilots facing challenges with their medical certification. Medical Qualifications: Contention and Controversy Discussions about medical qualifications often lead to disagreements and controversy. Even though I am not a member of the FAA FAASTeam, I regularly attend WINGS seminars. These discussions consistently arise at the end of many presentations, regardless of whether the presentation is related to medical issues. The typical statement is usually something this: “A Sport Pilot does NOT need an FAA Medical NOR BasicMed.” They are usually referring to the to the use of a U.S. Issued Driver’s License to exercise Sport Pilot privileges. While this is true at a surface level, the answer is more nuanced and not for the reasons many pilots mistakenly believe.

Sport Pilot CFI — A Potentially Less Expensive Path to a Professional Aviation Career

By William “Bill” Ramey Jr. || 15 Comments (Edit)

The journey to becoming a professional pilot has traditionally been a long and expensive one, requiring hundreds of flight hours and multiple certifications before being able to earn money. However, the FAA Sport Pilot Instructor Certificate (CFI-S) offers a potential shortcut for aspiring aviators, allowing them to start teaching and earning income with significantly fewer hours than a traditional Certified Flight Instructor (CFI).

Steps to Becoming a Sport Pilot CFI

  • Private Pilot Certificate: This is the foundation for all pilot certifications. You'll learn basic flight maneuvers, navigation, and safety procedures. A Sport Pilot Certificate will be sufficient if you do not aspire to larger standard category aircraft, or simply wish to obtain your Private Pilot Certificate at a later date.
  • Instrument Rating: This rating allows you to fly in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), relying on instruments rather than visual references. It's a crucial step toward becoming a professional pilot and will be required for flight instruction in standard category aircraft as a traditional CFI. While not required for Sport Pilot Instructors, this training is highly recommended. While nothing prevents a Sport Pilot Certificate holder from obtaining instrument training, as of the time of writing, you must have a Private Pilot Certificate or higher to obtain your Instrument Pilot Certificate.
  • Sport Pilot CFI: Once you have your Sport Pilot or Private Pilot Certificate, and optionally Instrument Rating, you can pursue the Sport Pilot CFI. The minimum total  time requirement is only 150 hours, compared to 250 hours for a traditional CFI. This means you could potentially start instructing and earning income much sooner.

Advantages of the Sport Pilot CFI Pathway

  • Faster entry into paid instruction: The lower flight hour requirement allows you to start earning money sooner, helping to offset the cost of further training and certifications.
  • No Instrument or Commercial Pilot Certificate required: Unlike traditional CFIs, you don't need an Instrument or Commercial Pilot Certificate to become a Sport Pilot CFI.
  • Valuable experience: Flight instruction is an excellent way to build flight hours and experience while getting paid. It also helps develop essential communication and teaching skills.
  • Continuing the Journey to a Professional Pilot Career
After earning your Sport Pilot CFI, you'll continue working toward your ultimate goal of becoming a professional pilot. This typically involves the following steps:
  • Instrument Pilot Certificate: This rating allows you to fly in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), relying on instruments rather than visual references.
  • Commercial Pilot Certificate: This certificate allows you to fly for hire.
  • Certified Flight Instructor (CFI): With this certificate, you can instruct in standard category aircraft.
  • Certified Flight Instructor Instrument (CFII): This allows you to provide instrument flight instruction in standard category aircraft.
  • Multi Engine (Flight) Instructor (MEI): This allows you to provide instrument flight instruction in standard category aircraft.
  • Airline Transport Pilot (ATP): Required for airline operations such as Part 121 carriers (American, United, Delta, etc.), and most Part 135 carriers. While exceptions exist for certain Part 135 carriers, that’s beyond the scope of this article.

Conclusion

The Sport Pilot CFI pathway offers a unique opportunity for aspiring aviators to accelerate their journey to a professional pilot career. By starting to instruct with fewer flight hours, you can gain valuable experience, earn income, and build hours towards further certifications. While it's not the traditional route, it's a viable option for those seeking a faster and more affordable path to a paid flying career.

Additional Resources

Flight Instructors… Sport Pilot Rating (FAA) AOPA Flight School Finder

The journey to becoming a professional pilot has traditionally been a long and expensive one, requiring hundreds of flight hours and multiple certifications before being able to earn money. However, the FAA Sport Pilot Instructor Certificate (CFI-S) offers a potential shortcut for aspiring aviators, allowing them to start teaching and earning income with significantly fewer hours than a traditional Certified Flight Instructor (CFI). Steps to Becoming a Sport Pilot CFI Private Pilot Certificate: This is the foundation for all pilot certifications. You’ll learn basic flight maneuvers, navigation, and safety procedures. A Sport Pilot Certificate will be sufficient if you do not aspire to larger standard category aircraft, or simply wish to obtain your Private Pilot Certificate at a later date. Instrument Rating: This rating allows you to fly in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), relying on instruments rather than visual references. It’s a crucial step toward becoming a professional pilot and will be required for flight instruction in standard category aircraft as a traditional CFI.

Sport Pilot Certificate – What You Need to Know

By William “Bill” Ramey Jr. || 15 Comments (Edit)

The Sport Pilot Certificate has emerged as a popular option for aspiring pilots who want to experience the joy of recreational flying without the extensive time and financial commitment required for a Private Pilot Certificate. It’s been with us for two decades but there are still questions about the SP certificate. Here’s a rundown. There are seven main categories of aircraft for which you can be a Sport Pilot, each with variations on training and pilot requirements specific to that Category. This article will be specific to the Airplane Category.

What is the Sport Pilot Certificate?

The Sport Pilot Certificate allows pilots to fly a Light Sport Aircraft (LSA). These aircraft are typically smaller, simpler and more affordable to operate. Key characteristics of LSAs include:
  • Maximum takeoff weight of 1320 pounds (or 1430 for seaplanes)
  • Maximum airspeed in level flight of 120 knots under standard atmospheric conditions
  • Maximum stall speed of 45 knots in landing configuration
  • Single, non-turbine engine
  • Fixed pitch or ground adjustable propeller
  • Fixed landing gear (except for seaplanes)
  • Note that all of these are under the current LSA/SP rules and are likely to change when MOSAIC becomes reality next year.

Advantages of the Sport Pilot Certificate

  • Less Flight Time Requirement: The Sport Pilot Certificate requires a minimum of 20 hours of flight training, compared to 40 hours for the Private Pilot Certificate. Typical training time from zero flight hours is 45 hours for a LSA certificate versus 65 hours for the Private Pilot License. For those with prior flight training experience, the average time could be much less.
  • Simplified Medical Requirements: Instead of obtaining a FAA Medical Certificate, Sport Pilots can operate with a valid U.S. Issued Driver’s License if they meet certain criteria.
  • Affordability: LSAs tend to be less expensive to rent, purchase, insure and maintain than larger aircraft of similar vintage and configuration, making flying more accessible. This is particularly so for Amateur Built Experimental Light Sport Aircraft (E-LSA).
  • Recreational Flying Focus: The Sport Pilot Certificate is designed for recreational flying, ideal for pilots interested in personal enjoyment rather than commercial operations

Limitations of the Sport Pilot Certificate

  • Daylight Operations Only: Sport Pilots are limited to flying during daylight hours in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VFR) only.
  • Single Passenger: A maximum seating capacity of no more than two persons, including the pilot.
  • No Commercial Operations: The Sport Pilot Certificate cannot be used for commercial activities, such as carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire.
  • Aircraft:  Fly a Sport Pilot-Eligible aircraft. These include aircraft designated as Special Light Sport Aircraft (S-LSA), Experimental Light Sport Aircraft (E-LSA) and certain legacy Certified aircraft that fully complied with the requirements of a Light Sport Aircraft at the time of initial certification.
  • Altitude: Up to 10,000 feet MSL, or 2000 feet AGL, whichever is higher
  • Airspace: Cannot operate in Class B, C, or D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower unless you have met FAA training requirements and received the required instructor endorsement(s).
  • Location: You may not operate outside the United States, unless you have prior authorization from the country/countries in/though which you seek to operate.
  • Who is Eligible for the Sport Pilot Certificate?
To be eligible for the Sport Pilot Certificate, you must:
  • Be at least 17 years old
  • Be able to read, speak, write and understand English.
  • Hold a valid U.S. Issued Driver’s License
  • Your application for your last FAA Medical Certificate cannot have been denied
  • Your most recent issued FAA Medical Certificate must not have been suspended or revoked
  • If you held a Special Issuance FAA Medical Certificate, it must not have been withdrawn
  • Be free of any medical condition or medication that would make the applicant medically unfit to operate an aircraft

(Keith Wilson photo)

How to Obtain the Sport Pilot Certificate

  • Find a Flight School or Independent Flight Instructor: Locate a FAA Certified Flight Instructor who specializes in and is experienced with LSA training.
  • Complete Ground School: Study the theoretical aspects of flight, including aerodynamics, meteorology, navigation, regulations and aircraft systems.
  • FAA Knowledge Test: Pass the FAA written exam, which covers aeronautical knowledge.
  • Flight Training: Undergo dual instruction with your flight instructor, learning the fundamentals of flight maneuvering, takeoff, landing and emergency procedures.
  • Solo Flight: Once you have demonstrated proficiency, you will be authorized to fly solo under the supervision of your instructor.
  • FAA Practical Test: Complete the practical flight exam, demonstrating your flying skills to an FAA authorized examiner. Existing Pilots Becoming Sport Pilots

A holder of a Private Pilot Certificate without a current FAA Medical Certificate can operate as a Sport Pilot if they meet the following requirements:

  • Valid Private Pilot Certificate: They must hold at least a valid Private Pilot Certificate (or higher). They must also have a current Flight Review recorded in their logbook. They must only operate within the Category and Class ratings on the Pilot Certificate.
  • Valid U.S. Issued Driver’s License: They must have a current and valid U.S. Issued Driver's License. This serves as proof of medical fitness in lieu of an FAA Medical Certificate. No Medical Denial/Suspension/Revocation/Withdrawal: Their most recent FAA Medical Certificate cannot have been denied, suspended, or revoked. Any Special Issuances must not have been withdrawn.
  • Compliance with Sport Pilot Regulations: They must comply with all applicable Sport Pilot regulations, including aircraft limitations, airspace restrictions and weather minimums.
  • Important: Even if you meet all of the requirements, you are still responsible for determining your own medical fitness to fly. If you have any medical condition that could affect your ability to safely operate an aircraft, you should consult with a doctor before flying.

Is the Sport Pilot Certificate Right for You?

If you're looking for an affordable and less time-intensive path to flying for personal enjoyment, the Sport Pilot Certificate may be a perfect fit. Before you start your training, be sure to research different flight schools, aircraft options and instructors to find the best resources for your journey into the skies.

Additional Resources:

AOPA Sport Pilot FAQ EAA Getting Started in LSA Existing Pilots Becoming Sport Pilots (EAA) AOPA Flight School Finder

The Sport Pilot Certificate has emerged as a popular option for aspiring pilots who want to experience the joy of recreational flying without the extensive time and financial commitment required for a Private Pilot Certificate. It’s been with us for two decades but there are still questions about the SP certificate. Here’s a rundown. There are seven main categories of aircraft for which you can be a Sport Pilot, each with variations on training and pilot requirements specific to that Category. This article will be specific to the Airplane Category. What is the Sport Pilot Certificate? The Sport Pilot Certificate allows pilots to fly a Light Sport Aircraft (LSA). These aircraft are typically smaller, simpler and more affordable to operate. Key characteristics of LSAs include: Maximum takeoff weight of 1320 pounds (or 1430 for seaplanes) Maximum airspeed in level flight of 120 knots under standard atmospheric conditions Maximum stall speed of 45 knots in landing configuration Single, non-turbine engine Fixed pitch or ground adjustable propeller Fixed landing gear (except for seaplanes) Note that all of these are under the current LSA/SP rules and are likely to change when MOSAIC becomes reality next year.

Affordable Aeromarine Merlin LSA — What’s New?

By William “Bill” Ramey Jr. || 4 Comments (Edit)

When thinking of affordable aviation, it’s impossible not to talk about the Aeromarine Merlin LSA. This aircraft is a familiar design for many, as it made its premier in 2016. We’ve talked about it here several times. There have been some exciting changes and updates, a few of which we learned about last month at Sun ’n Fun. The Aeromarine designed and built 60-hp V-twin liquid cooled four-cycle engine now comes as the standard powerplant. This is a modern engine with electronic ignition, electronic fuel injection and an electric starter. Merlin says this engine will cut fuel consumption at cruise to an average of 2.5 gph, approximately 50% less than the Rotax 582. The Rotax engine is still available as option for those builders that prefer. The Aeromarine Merlin LSA will also feature as standard a deluxe MGL 8.5-inch EFIS with ADS-B In and Out (FIS-B) avionics panel, elevating your flying experience to the 21st century. Aeromarine designs and builds all of the switches, circuit boards, wiring, and breaker panels; all of which are included in the build. Even with all the updates and changes, the Aeromarine Merlin is still designed for easy assembly. Aeromarine uses precision-matched holes with their Merlin kit, which means that all aluminum skin parts come pre-drilled, so the builder simply begins pulling rivets. Additionally, you get a complete kit with everything you need to build you dream aircraft! The aircraft is designed as a quick-build kit, allowing customers to assemble it themselves in the least amount of time with the least amount of complexity. The Merlin quick-build kit (E/A-B) has already been inspected and approved by the FAA and posted to the approved kit list showing that it already meets the 51% kit build standard. This should streamline the FAA (or DAR) inspection processes. Aeromarine also offers a builder's assistance program that can help customers assemble the aircraft in just one week, even with all the new and exciting solid-state upgrades. This program is a great option for those who want to complete their build quickly while still getting hands-on experience, and with expert guidance and direction during construction, while still enjoying the experience and satisfaction of building their aircraft. In terms of performance, the Merlin has a cruising speed of up to 104 kts, with a VNE of 130 knots, making it suitable for recreational flying, sightseeing trips, and even short commutes. Even with a full fuel load of 12 gallons (72 pounds), the Merlin can accommodate a reasonable-size pilot of up to 228 pounds with the standard configuration. At 2.5 gph of fuel consumption with the Aeromarine V-Twin engine, this aircraft will likely out-endure your bladder, even at less than maximum fuel load. The Merlin is even equipped with a BRS Parachute recovery system, adding an extra layer of safety and peace of mind for the pilot and their family. Overall, the Aeromarine Merlin is an excellent choice for pilots seeking an affordable, easy-to-fly, and high-performance LSA. The combination of affordability, ease of operation, and strong performance make it a compelling option for a pilot looking for a modern and affordable aircraft. The complete Merlin package, including the builder-assistance package, is $55,250. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcCdx4oqBtM&pp=ygURYWVyb21hcmluZSBtZXJsaW4%3D https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3jlcangoUI&pp=ygUeYnlkYW5qb2huc29uIGFlcm9tYXJpbmUgbWVybGlu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOH-6z2pJGs&pp=ygUeYnlkYW5qb2huc29uIGFlcm9tYXJpbmUgbWVybGlu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a05k4tYd-lQ&pp=ygUeYnlkYW5qb2huc29uIGFlcm9tYXJpbmUgbWVybGlu

When thinking of affordable aviation, it’s impossible not to talk about the Aeromarine Merlin LSA. This aircraft is a familiar design for many, as it made its premier in 2016. We’ve talked about it here several times. There have been some exciting changes and updates, a few of which we learned about last month at Sun ’n Fun. The Aeromarine designed and built 60-hp V-twin liquid cooled four-cycle engine now comes as the standard powerplant. This is a modern engine with electronic ignition, electronic fuel injection and an electric starter. Merlin says this engine will cut fuel consumption at cruise to an average of 2.5 gph, approximately 50% less than the Rotax 582. The Rotax engine is still available as option for those builders that prefer. The Aeromarine Merlin LSA will also feature as standard a deluxe MGL 8.5-inch EFIS with ADS-B In and Out (FIS-B) avionics panel, elevating your flying experience to the 21st century.

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